Complementarity formation mechanisms in technology value chains

Recent literature has begun to discuss complementarities between sectors and technologies in the context of sustainability transitions. This paper contributes this by theorizing complementarity formation mechanisms underlying such positive interactions within across technology value chains. It pursues empirically founded theory building based on a case study innovation battery-electric, hydrogen liquefied biogas Norwegian coastal shipping. Three chains are identified: synchronization, amplification, integration. Synchronization points need for co-development input user chain. Amplification refers necessary expansion match growing demand sectors. Finally, integration highlights potential convergence different one or more The concludes with discussion how policy may leverage foster zero‑carbon technologies.